fund

Funds may include investments in stocks, bonds, options, futures, currencies, treasuries and money market securities. Depending on the stated objective of the fund, each will vary in regard to content and risk.

Funds issue and redeem shares on demand at the fund's NAV, or net asset value. Mutual fund management fees typically range between 0.5% and 2% of assets per year, but 12b-1 fees, exchange fees and other administrative charges also apply.

There are several different types of funds of which you should be aware:

Closed-End Funds: Closed-end mutual funds issue a fixed number of shares to the investing public and usually trade on the major exchanges just like corporate stocks. Closed-end funds often invest in a particular sector, a specific industry or a certain country.
Open-End Funds: Open-end mutual funds stand ready to issue and redeem shares on a continuous basis. Shareholders buy the shares at net asset value (NAV) and can redeem them at the current market price.
Load Funds: The term "load" refers to the sales charge paid by an investor who purchases shares in a mutual fund. When the sales charge is imposed at the time of purchase, this is known as a front-end load. Conversely, back-end loads represent charges that are assessed when the investor eventually sells the fund.
No-Load Funds: A no-load fund is sold without a sales charge.

Additionally, a given fund may issue different classes of its shares to investors. The most common variations of share classes for load funds are front-load A shares, back-end-load B shares and level-load C shares.

Class A Shares: A mutual fund's A shares charge a front-end load at the time of purchase. This is a sales fee that is charged as a percentage of the total investment and is used to compensate the financial representative who sells the fund. The amount of the front-end load is subtracted from the original investment. For example: If an investor places $10,000 in a mutual fund with a front-end load of 2%, then the total sales charge would be $200. The remaining $9,800 will go toward the purchase of shares in the fund. Also, A shares may impose an asset-based sales charge. Investors do not pay these charges directly. Instead, they are taken from the fund's assets. The fund then uses these fees to market and distribute its shares. The 12b-1 fee, which can equal a maximum of 0.25% per year, is an example of an asset-based sales charge.
Class B Shares: B Shares charge back-end loads. When an investor purchases B shares, the sales charge is deferred until the fund is sold. This deferred load usually decreases each year. B shares typically charge a higher asset-based sales charge than Class A Shares. For example, the B shares of a fund may carry a 5% load if shares are sold within the first year. This back-end load of 5%, however, could be reduced by 1% every year until it is eliminated in the fifth year. Some B shares automatically convert to A shares after a specified period of time, which reduces the 12b-1 fees.
Class C Shares: C Shares typically do not impose a front-end load but will often charge a nominal fee if the shares are sold within one year. Class C shares often impose a high asset-based sales charge but will not convert to A shares when the load reverts to zero.

When an investor purchases a share of an index fund, he or she is purchasing a share of a portfolio that contains the securities in an underlying index. The index fund holds the securities in the same proportion as they occur in the actual index, and when the index decreases in value, the fund's shares decrease as well, and vice versa. The only time an index buys or sells a stock is when the index itself changes (either in weighting or in composition). Index funds have ticker symbols and are traded on all major exchanges.

Index funds are available for most any index. Some index funds replicate broad market indexes, and some replicate indexes that only contain securities with special characteristics, including minimum financial ratios, participation in a certain industry,  geography, or other distinctions.

The performance of an index fund usually does not exactly match the actual index's performance. This is because index funds charge management fees, which eat into returns, and because the fund's weighting in particular securities may not perfectly match the weighting of the securities in the actual index. The degree to which the fund and the index returns differ is called tracking error.

Let's say Company XYZ has lost 75% of its customers due to a food-poisoning scandal. The stock has lost 90% of its value, and the market does not believe the company can recover. Company XYZ still owns, however, a patent on a packaging technique that could be licensed and applied in other industries. Vulture Fund ABC knows this and buys high-yield bonds in Company XYZ, betting that the value of that patent might resurrect the company or at least ensure the return of capital plus interest if the patent is sold during bankruptcy.

Vulture funds often also purchase debt from lenders. So, for instance, if Bank DEF had lended $15 million to Company XYZ and Bank DEF wants to get this debt off the books, it might sell that debt to a vulture fund, similar to how credit card companies might sell customer debts to collection agencies. The vulture fund then negotiates with Company XYZ to secure a payout greater than the vulture fund's initial investment.

Vulture funds also invest in sovereign debt, which is the debt of countries' governments. When countries are struggling, vulture funds might purchase this debt and then become heavily involved and influential in the government's restructuring.