gang

Middle English gangen, gongen & early Scots gang, going back to Old English gangan, gongan, going back to Germanic *gangan- (whence Old Saxon & Old High German gangan“to go,” Old Norse ganga, Gothic gaggan), probably going back to Indo-European *ǵhenǵh-i̯e-, whence also Lithuanian žeñgti ”to stride” ◆Old English gangan, a Class VII strong verb, was used more or less as a synonym of gān, the ancestor of Modern English ¹go (itself descended from Germanic *gēn-), though forms other than the present tense and infinitive rarely occur. In other Germanic languages cognates of gangan served and still serve as suppletive forms of the parallel cognates of gān. Compare note at ²gang.

Middle English, “going, journey, road, path, privy, group of items forming a set,” going back to Old English, “going, walking, journey, course, path, privy,” going back to Germanic *ganga- (whence Old Saxon gang “walk, course,” Old High German “walk, journey, passage,” Old Norse gangr “going, course,” Gothic gagg “way”), noun derivative from the base of *gangan- “to go” — more at ¹gang ◆The meaning “set of articles” apparently first appeared in Middle English, the now predominant meaning “group of persons” in early Modern English (hypothesized instances of this sense in Middle and Old English are dubious). A direct descendant of Old English gang in Modern English would be gong (with the effects of vowel lengthening before the cluster -ŋg- and subsequent rounding of the long vowel in monosyllables), but this survived into Modern English only in the sense “privy”—the now general form gang for other senses was borrowed into standard English from northern dialects and Scots, where rounding never occurred. Use of both the noun and verb gang in its historical senses, denoting motion or passage, is now largely limited to traditional Scots.

derivative of ²gang