Definition of SOCIALISM

socialism vs. social democracy: Usage Guide

In the many years since socialism entered English around 1830, it has acquired several different meanings. It refers to a system of social organization in which private property and the distribution of income are subject to social control, but the conception of that control has varied, and the term has been interpreted in widely diverging ways, ranging from statist to libertarian, from Marxist to liberal. In the modern era, "pure" socialism has been seen only rarely and usually briefly in a few Communist regimes. Far more common are systems of social democracy, now often referred to as democratic socialism, in which extensive state regulation, with limited state ownership, has been employed by democratically elected governments (as in Sweden and Denmark) in the belief that it produces a fair distribution of income without impairing economic growth.

communism, socialism, capitalism, and democracy

Communism is one of our top all-time lookups, and user comments suggest that’s because it is often used in opaque ways. In some sources, communism is equated with socialism; in others, it is contrasted with democracy and capitalism. Part of this confusion stems from the fact that the word communism has been applied to varying political systems over time. When it was first used in English prose, communism referred to an economic and political theory that advocated the abolition of private property and the common sharing of all resources among a group of people, and it was often used interchangeably with the word socialism by 19th-century writers. The differences between communism and socialism are still debated, but generally English speakers used communism to refer to the political and economic ideologies that find their origin in Karl Marx’s theory of revolutionary socialism, which advocates a proletariat overthrow of capitalist structures within a society, societal and communal ownership and governance of the means of production, and the eventual establishment of a classless society. The most well-known expression of Marx’s theories is the 20th-century Bolshevism of the U.S.S.R., in which the state, through a single authoritarian party, controls a society’s economy and social activities with the goal of realizing Marx’s theories.

Communism is often contrasted with capitalism and democracy, though these can be false equivalencies depending on the usage. Capitalism refers to an economic theory in which a society’s means of production are held by private individuals or organizations, not the government, and where prices, distribution of goods, and products are determined by a free market. It can be contrasted with the economic theories of communism, though the word communism is used of both political and economic theories. Democracy refers to a system of government in which supreme power is vested in the people and exercised through a system of direct or indirect representation which is decided through periodic free elections. Democracy is contrasted with communism primarily because the 20th-century communism of the U.S.S.R. was characterized by an authoritarian government, whereas the democracy of the 20th-century U.S. was characterized by a representative government.

Examples of socialism in a Sentence

She is quite right, for example, to stress that Thatcher's crusade against socialism was not merely about economic efficiency and prosperity but that above all, "it was that socialism itself—in all its incarnations, wherever and however it was applied—was morally corrupting." —Stephen Pollard, New York Times Book Review, 18 Jan. 2009 Lenin's great genius, of course, was for ideology, which was redefined all too often to support the tactical requirements of the moment. But owing to his fanatical conviction of his own righteousness, especially where socialism was concerned, and also to the Promethean force of his will, his pronouncements were enshrined by his followers as universal truths. —Michael Scammell, New Republic, 20 Dec. 1999

Recent Examples on the Web

According to recent polling, just 42 percent of young people support the idea of capitalism and socialism gets 33 percent among young voters. — Fox News, "Schlapp: Trump wants nominee who will uphold Constitution," 28 June 2018 Even more odd in our connected age, American media consideration of Mr. Sanders largely occurs without reference to the real-time failures of socialism in other countries. — James Freeman, WSJ, "Bernie Sanders and the Misery of Socialism," 25 June 2018 Art, activism and socialism: Socialist Party candidates for governor, Gloria La Riva, and insurance commissioner, Nathalie Hrizi, talk about their stands and host a banner-painting event. — Chronicle Staff Report, San Francisco Chronicle, "Bay Area political events: Evangelical rallies, socialist activism," 31 May 2018 What is the difference between capitalism and socialism? — Kim Kelly, Teen Vogue, "What “Capitalism” Is and How It Affects People," 11 Apr. 2018 In its first public attack of the #InvestInEd income tax measure, the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry called out one of the teachers involved in the campaign for attending a socialism conference in Chicago. — Ricardo Cano, azcentral, "Name-calling begins in battle over #InvestInEd ballot measure," 12 July 2018 In 1979, when the war was at its peak, Archbishop Obando wrote a pastoral letter urging Nicaraguans not to fear socialism and seeming to endorse the use of revolutionary violence in some circumstances. — Stephen Kinzer, New York Times, "Cardinal Miguel Obando y Bravo, Key Figure in Nicaraguan Turmoil, Dies at 92," 3 June 2018 But, Richard, if the future of the Democratic Party is socialism, then the Democratic Party has no future. — Fox News, "President Trump faces pivotal days at home and overseas," 6 July 2018 Likethumb_up2 Replyreply Linklink Copy Reportflag use2beadem 2 hours ago Venezuela is socialism faithfully implemented. — Alex Horton, Washington Post, "‘They want to kill me’: American in Venezuela prison riot pleads for help in video," 17 May 2018

These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'socialism.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback.