abstract

1 of 3

adjective

1
a
: disassociated from any specific instance
an abstract entity
b
: difficult to understand : abstruse
abstract problems
c
: insufficiently factual : formal
possessed only an abstract right
2
: expressing a quality apart from an object
the word poem is concrete, poetry is abstract
3
a
: dealing with a subject in its abstract aspects : theoretical
abstract science
b
: impersonal, detached
the abstract compassion of a surgeonTime
4
: having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content
abstract painting
abstractly
ab-ˈstrak(t)-lē How to pronounce abstract (audio)
ˈab-ˌstrak(t)-
adverb
abstractness
ab-ˈstrak(t)-nəs How to pronounce abstract (audio)
ˈab-ˌstrak(t)-
noun

abstract

2 of 3

noun

ab·​stract ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
in sense 2 also
ab-ˈstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
1
: a summary of points (as of a writing) usually presented in skeletal form
also : something that summarizes or concentrates the essentials of a larger thing or several things
2
: an abstract thing or state (see abstract entry 1)
3

abstract

3 of 3

verb

ab·​stract ab-ˈstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio) ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
in sense 3 usually
ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
abstracted; abstracting; abstracts

transitive verb

1
: to make a summary or abstract of : summarize
abstract an academic paper
2
: to draw away the attention of
His imagination had so abstracted him that his name was called twice before he answered.James Joyce
3
: steal, purloin
She abstracted important documents from the safe.
4
5
: to consider apart from application to or association with a particular instance
abstractable
ab-ˈstrak-tə-bəl How to pronounce abstract (audio)
ˈab-ˌstrak-
adjective
abstractor noun
or abstracter
ab-ˈstrak-tər How to pronounce abstract (audio)
ˈab-ˌstrak-

Did you know?

The Crisscrossing Histories of Abstract and Extract

Abstract is most frequently used as an adjective (“abstract ideas”) and a noun (“an abstract of the article”), but its somewhat less common use as a verb in English helps to clarify its Latin roots. The verb abstract is used to mean “summarize,” as in “abstracting an academic paper.” This meaning is a figurative derivative of the verb’s meanings “to remove” or “to separate.”

We trace the origins of abstract to the combination of the Latin roots ab-, a prefix meaning “from” or “away,” with the verb trahere, meaning “to pull” or “to draw.” The result was the Latin verb abstrahere, which meant “to remove forcibly” or “to drag away.” Its past participle abstractus had the meanings “removed,” “secluded,” “incorporeal,” and, ultimately, “summarized,” meanings which came to English from Medieval Latin.

Interestingly, the word passed from Latin into French with competing spellings as both abstract (closer to the Latin) and abstrait (which reflected the French form of abstrahere, abstraire), the spelling retained in modern French.

The idea of “removing” or “pulling away” connects abstract to extract, which stems from Latin through the combination of trahere with the prefix ex-, meaning “out of” or “away from.” Extract forms a kind of mirror image of abstract: more common as a verb, but also used as a noun and adjective. The adjective, meaning “derived or descended,” is now obsolete, as is a sense of the noun that overlapped with abstract, “summary.” The words intersected and have separated in modern English, but it’s easy to see that abstract applies to something that has been summarized, and summarized means “extracted from a larger work.”

Examples of abstract in a Sentence

Adjective It is true that the atrocities that were known remained abstract and remote, rarely acquiring the status of knee-buckling knowledge among ordinary Americans. Because the savagery of genocide so defies our everyday experience, many of us failed to wrap our minds around it. Samantha Power, New York Times Book Review, 14 Mar. 2002
A glance into the classrooms of the Los Angeles public school system … fleshes out the abstract debates with the faces of children. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 1997
I take my photographs and print them on a laser copying machine in the "photo" mode; the resulting image is more stark and abstract than a traditional photographic print, which tends to dominate the page regardless of the text. Leslie Marmon Silko, Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit, 1996
abstract ideas such as love and hate “Honesty” is an abstract word. The word “poem” is concrete, the word “poetry” is abstract. Noun an artist admired for his abstracts the scientist wrote a bare-bones abstract of his research and conclusions Verb … artists in the group put the emphasis on geometric abstraction rather than images abstracted from nature. Robert Atkins, Art Spoke, 1993
… the Romantic project was to abstract from religion its essential "feeling" and leave contemptuously behind its traditional formulations. Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture, 1969
… conscientiously and with great purity made the uncompromising effort to abstract his view of life into an art work … Norman Mailer, Advertisements for Myself, 1959
… basic esthetic criteria and standards he has abstracted from long intimacy with time-tested masterpieces. Aline B. Saarinen, New York Times Book Review, 7 Nov. 1954
Data for the study was abstracted from hospital records. personal problems abstracted him so persistently that he struggled to keep his mind on his work
Recent Examples on the Web
Adjective
The dancing is abstract and classically based, with no narrative and few outward signs of violence and death. Jennifer Homans, The New Yorker, 4 Mar. 2024 Thus, there can be no such thing as a purely abstract consciousness, completely distinct from the world it is embedded in. Karl Schroeder, IEEE Spectrum, 24 Feb. 2024 Therefore, the concept is somewhat abstract to them. Jeffrey Wheatman, Forbes, 23 Feb. 2024 Many pieces on immigration feel abstract, impersonal; this is quite the opposite. Longreads, 23 Feb. 2024 Some of his works on paper and canvases are on view in Milton Keynes, abstract and figurative paintings influenced by the post-Impressionists and Japanese printmakers such as Hokusai (another artist who loved the rain). Christian House, CNN, 22 Feb. 2024 Lunar New Year traditions were abstract until my grandmother died. Ryan Fonseca, Los Angeles Times, 21 Feb. 2024 One of the first to identify as a liberal and be called one in his own lifetime, Constant rejected the concepts of the state of nature and the social contract as too abstract for practical use. Helena Rosenblatt, Foreign Affairs, 20 Feb. 2024 This change reflects the broadening of the concept of building from mere physical construction to include the creation of more abstract forms, such as building a community or building up one's strength. Erik Kain, Forbes, 20 Feb. 2024
Noun
By now the material feels innately theatrical: Finance is all about the tension between simplicity and complexity, the material and the abstract. Sophia Nguyen, Washington Post, 29 Feb. 2024 The etymology of 'build' thus reflects a journey from the concrete to the abstract, illustrating how language evolves with human innovation and societal development. Erik Kain, Forbes, 20 Feb. 2024 The women in the study showed a clear preference for Black obstetricians, but noted how difficult this was to find, the researchers wrote in the study abstract. Claretta Bellamy, NBC News, 14 Feb. 2024 In his wake, dozens of domestic chefs came forward with their takes on ramen, using it as a vehicle for ideas and translating American dishes, using ramen’s elements to reassemble our classics in abstract. Abe Beame, Essence, 20 Dec. 2023 In October, conservative politicians and activists started filing public records requests with MUSC to get the data behind Agostini’s abstract. Aliyya Swaby, ProPublica, 6 Dec. 2023 That’s what brings union membership out of the abstract and makes its benefits concrete. Michael Hiltzik, Los Angeles Times, 22 Nov. 2023 Gold coins, bars and collectibles For some investors, ownership of shares of a stock or fund might seem a little abstract. Chris Taylor, wsj.com, 25 Oct. 2023 The trick is to stick with the patterns in the same color family and layer abstracts, geometrics, florals, or stripes of similar weights. Marisa Spyker, Southern Living, 18 Dec. 2023
Verb
But the man himself has been abstracted into an image for sale, a signifier adorning a dorm-room poster, his songs of peace and freedom the dutiful standards of beach-bar cover bands across the globe. Katie Walsh, Los Angeles Times, 14 Feb. 2024 Second, pay attention to abstracting complexity to ensure APIs are SDKable within an integration ecosystem. Expert Panel®, Forbes, 12 Feb. 2024 But the artist’s land-like shapes lapped by expanses of blue are actually abstracted from photographs of leaves floating on the surface of pool. Mark Jenkins, Washington Post, 26 Jan. 2024 Mediha makes this question — often abstracted for the comfort of international audiences — more concrete by putting the camera in its subject’s hands. Lovia Gyarkye, The Hollywood Reporter, 20 Dec. 2023 Bird’s musical color is magenta, and it gets passed to Coltrane who abstracts the shape of the sound, and then that gets passed to Hendrix, in whose hands the sound becomes electrified, noisy. Lily Moayeri, SPIN, 7 Nov. 2023 Beyoncé, 42, has figured out how to adjust her voice (her characteristic growl floats in falsetto) and adjust her body language (more benevolent, like a gilded patroness) to abstract the object and subject of the song. Jenna Wortham, New York Times, 27 Sep. 2023 But greater use of AI will create a growing number of military encounters in which humans are removed or abstracted from the equation. WIRED, 27 July 2023 Park notes that Hollywood action scenes often function like balletic interludes, entertaining spectacles to be enjoyed for their own sake and somewhat abstracted from the story. Patrick Brzeski, The Hollywood Reporter, 11 Aug. 2023

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'abstract.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Adjective

Middle English, "withdrawn, removed, abstruse, extracted from a longer work, (of nouns in grammar) not concrete," borrowed from Medieval Latin abstractus "removed, secluded, incorporeal, universal, extracted from a larger work, summarized," going back to Latin, past participle of abstrahere "to remove forcibly, turn aside, divert," from abs- (variant of ab- ab- before c- and t-) + trahere "to drag, draw, take along" — more at draw entry 1

Noun

Middle English, derivative of abstract abstract entry 1 (or borrowed directly from Medieval Latin abstractus)

Verb

Middle English abstracten "to draw away, remove," derivative of abstract abstract entry 1 (or borrowed directly from Latin abstractus)

First Known Use

Adjective

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2

Noun

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 2

Verb

15th century, in the meaning defined at transitive sense 4

Time Traveler
The first known use of abstract was in the 14th century

Dictionary Entries Near abstract

Cite this Entry

“Abstract.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abstract. Accessed 18 Mar. 2024.

Kids Definition

abstract

1 of 3 adjective
1
: expressing a quality or idea without reference to an actual person or thing
"honesty" is an abstract word
2
: difficult to understand : hard
abstract problems
3
: using elements of form (as color, line, or texture) with little or no attempt at creating a realistic picture
abstract art
abstractly
ab-ˈstrak-(t)lē How to pronounce abstract (audio)
ˈab-ˌstrak-
adverb
abstractness
ab-ˈstrak(t)-nəs How to pronounce abstract (audio)
ˈab-ˌstrak(t)-
noun

abstract

2 of 3 noun
ab·​stract ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
: a brief statement of the main points or facts : summary

abstract

3 of 3 verb
ab·​stract ab-ˈstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio) ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
 in sense 3 usually  ˈab-ˌstrakt
1
: to take out : remove
abstract a diamond from a pile of sand
2
: to consider apart from a particular instance
abstract the idea of roundness from a ball
3
: to make an abstract of : summarize
4
: to draw away the attention of
abstractor noun
or abstracter
-ˈstrak-tər How to pronounce abstract (audio)
-ˌstrak-
Etymology

Adjective

from Latin abstractus "abstract," from earlier abstrahere "to draw away," from abs-, ab- "from, away" and trahere "to draw" — related to attract, trace entry 1, trace entry 3

Medical Definition

abstract

1 of 2 noun
ab·​stract ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
1
: a written summary of the key points especially of a scientific paper
2
: a pharmaceutical preparation made by mixing a powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance with lactose in such proportions that one part of the final product represents two parts of the original drug from which the extract was made

abstract

2 of 2 transitive verb
ab·​stract ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio) ab-ˈ How to pronounce abstract (audio)
: to make an abstract of
abstractor noun
or abstracter

Legal Definition

abstract

noun
ab·​stract ˈab-ˌstrakt How to pronounce abstract (audio)
1
: a summary of a legal document
2
abstract transitive verb

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