principal

1 of 2

adjective

prin·​ci·​pal ˈprin(t)-s(ə-)pəl How to pronounce principal (audio)
-sə-bəl
1
: most important, consequential, or influential : chief
the principal ingredient
the region's principal city
2
: of, relating to, or constituting principal or a principal (see principal entry 2)
principally
ˈprin(t)-sə-p(ə-)lē How to pronounce principal (audio)
-sə-bə-lē
-splē
adverb
Principle vs. Principal: Usage Guide

Evidence of confusion between principle and principal can be found even in publications overseen by professional editors. To keep these words straight, remember that principle functions only as a noun, and in its most common uses refers to a basic rule or law, as in

a guiding principle

or

a matter of principle.

If you are looking for an adjective form of this word, you must use principled, as in

taking a principled stand.

Principal functions as both a noun and an adjective. The noun has various meanings referring to someone with controlling authority

the school principal

or in a leading position

the ballet's two principals

, but also has meanings relating to finance, law, and architecture. As an adjective, principal typically means "most important," as in

the principal reason.

principal

2 of 2

noun

prin·​ci·​pal ˈprin(t)-s(ə-)pəl How to pronounce principal (audio)
-sə-bəl
1
: a person who has controlling authority or is in a leading position: such as
a
: a chief or head man or woman
b
: the chief executive officer of an educational institution
c
: one who engages another to act as an agent subject to general control and instruction
specifically : the person from whom an agent's authority derives
d
: the chief or an actual participant in a crime
e
: the person primarily or ultimately liable on a legal obligation
f
: a leading performer : star
2
: a matter or thing of primary importance: such as
a(1)
: a capital sum earning interest, due as a debt, or used as a fund
(2)
: the corpus of an estate, portion, devise, or bequest
b
: the construction that gives shape and strength to a roof and is usually one of several trusses
broadly : the most important member of a piece of framing
principalship noun

Examples of principal in a Sentence

Adjective If any suspect that Griswold was exaggerating, they should reflect on the fact that the principal Supreme Court case justifying the invocation of the national security privilege was based on a governmental lie. Garry Wills, New York Review of Books, 12 Feb. 2009
Following the agreement, the four principal tobacco companies—Philip Morris, R. J. Reynolds, Brown & Williamson, and Lorillard—raised their prices more than 45 cents per pack. The costs of the settlement, as predicted, were passed on to consumers. Allan M. Brandt, The Cigarette Century, 2007
Their principal industry was the manufacture, in a long, low, mostly-wooden, two-story factory, of cold cream. Frederick Busch, Too Late American Boyhood Blues, 1984
Vegetables are the principal ingredients in this soup. She is the principal cellist of the orchestra. Noun the new high school principal One of the principals in the assassination plot has been arrested.
Recent Examples on the Web
Adjective
Anshel Sag, a principal analyst at Moor Insights & Strategy, a tech research firm, notes that almost all newer drones on the market have forms of face recognition technology built in. Lauren Goode, WIRED, 6 Mar. 2024 The Searchlight Pictures‘ release will commence principal photography next week in Japan. Brent Lang, Variety, 5 Mar. 2024 Investment objectives broaden to include principal preservation along with growth, and potential losses are more consequential than potential gains. Joel Johnson, Forbes, 29 Feb. 2024 In the full year 2023, AMC reduced the principal balance of its debt by $448.1 million. Caitlin Huston, The Hollywood Reporter, 28 Feb. 2024 After phase two is complete, the buildings will be comparable sizes, said Ken Galica, principal planner for the city of Buckeye. Alexandra Hardle, The Arizona Republic, 28 Feb. 2024 Rivera made her first appearance at 19 as a principal dancer in the 1952 touring company of the musical Call Me Madam before making her Broadway debut in Guys and Dolls the following year. Ew Staff, EW.com, 23 Feb. 2024 Mark Luscombe, principal analyst for Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting in Riverwoods, Illinois, suggests that some tax filers might want to hold off filing early returns until the child tax credit situation is resolved. Susan Tompor, The Enquirer, 23 Feb. 2024 The principal problem for the United States is a loose alliance of revisionist powers pushing outward from the core of Eurasia. Hal Brands, Foreign Affairs, 20 Feb. 2024
Noun
Team principal James Vowles will be looking to build upon this in his second year in charge of the once-great team. Bryan Hood, Robb Report, 8 Mar. 2024 All that, plus a visit to the school where all the kids (17 in total) were educated, and pop-up conversations with priests, nuns, principals and other members of Nativity's very active parish community. Victoria Moorwood, The Enquirer, 8 Mar. 2024 Born in Jerusalem in 1979 to a father who was a painter and a mother who was a kindergarten principal, Nachum grew up painting. Christopher Kuo, New York Times, 8 Mar. 2024 Realtor Stephen Walton is in second place with 14.4% Former Grant Union High School vice principal Kim Davie is in third with 12.4% of the early count. Theresa Clift, Sacramento Bee, 6 Mar. 2024 Retired principal Victorio Gutierrez is the fourth candidate, describing himself as pro-union but anti-special-interest politics. Howard Blume, Los Angeles Times, 29 Feb. 2024 Canadians should expect to see more mortgage payments go toward interest than mortgage principals, and lower principal mortgage payment allocation results in building home equity at a slower rate. Reza Ghazi, Forbes, 29 Feb. 2024 The inspiration for the home was an elevated surf shack, as the owners are avid surfers, and Kathy Scott, principal of Walker Warner, took into account the owner’s career path in the restaurant and hospitality space. Emma Reynolds, Robb Report, 27 Feb. 2024 The limited series sets up the baroque political situation in 1600s Japan with dizzying economy and moves swiftly into what really matters: the thrilling chess matches between the principals. Lili Loofbourow, Washington Post, 27 Feb. 2024

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'principal.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Etymology

Adjective and Noun

Middle English, from Anglo-French, from Latin principalis, from princip-, princeps

First Known Use

Adjective

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Noun

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Time Traveler
The first known use of principal was in the 14th century

Dictionary Entries Near principal

Cite this Entry

“Principal.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/principal. Accessed 19 Mar. 2024.

Kids Definition

principal

1 of 2 adjective
prin·​ci·​pal ˈprin(t)-s(ə-)pəl How to pronounce principal (audio)
-sə-bəl
: most important : chief
the principal ingredient of the stew
principally
-ē How to pronounce principal (audio)
prin(t)-splē
adverb

principal

2 of 2 noun
1
a
: a leading or most important person
b
: the head of a school
2
: a sum of money that is placed to earn interest, is owed as a debt, or is used as a fund

Legal Definition

principal

1 of 2 adjective
prin·​ci·​pal ˈprin-sə-pəl How to pronounce principal (audio)
1
: being the main or most important, consequential, or influential
their principal place of business
the principal obligor
2
: of, relating to, or constituting principal or a principal
the principal amount of the loan

principal

2 of 2 noun
1
: a participant in an action or transaction especially having control or authority
the principals of a business
: as
a
: one who engages another to act for him or her subject to his or her general control or instruction : one from whom an agent derives authority to act compare fiduciary
b
: one who commits a crime or instigates, encourages, or assists another to commit it especially when constructively or actually present see also accessory sense 1
principal in the first degree
: a principal under common law who intentionally commits and is actually or constructively present at the commission of a crime
principal in the second degree
: a principal under common law who aids, encourages, or commands another to commit a crime and is actually or constructively present when it is committed
c
: the person primarily liable on a legal obligation or one who will ultimately bear the burden because of a duty to indemnify another as distinguished from one (as an endorser, surety, or guarantor) who is secondarily liable
2
: a capital sum earning interest, due as a debt, or used as a fund
shall receive the income from the trust until age 18, and thereafter the principal
payments shall be applied first to interest and then to principal
also : the main body of an estate, devise, or bequest

More from Merriam-Webster on principal

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