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For optical lasers, these irregular spurts – or filamentation – result from the index of refraction changing in the laser material.—
Thomas Linker,
The Conversation,
15 Oct. 2025 Light travels through water at three-quarters its speed in a vacuum, making water’s index of refraction 1.33.—
Bysara Reardon,
science.org,
5 Sep. 2024 The higher the index of refraction, the slower light travels in that medium.—
Rhett Allain,
WIRED,
23 Aug. 2024 Similarly, a time mirror is formed by an abrupt change in the index of refraction—but in time.—IEEE Spectrum,
30 Aug. 2023